A non-invasive biomarker assay to detect lung cancer would be ideal; avoiding needless biopsies and providing another step of diagnostic validation. However, finding the optimal control group to identify these signatures is not easy, as explained here by Robert Rintoul, PhD, FRCP, of the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK. This video was recorded at the British Thoracic Oncology Group (BTOG) Annual Conference 2018, held in Dublin, Ireland.