At the 6th European Lung Cancer Conference (ELCC), held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1316 April 2016, Joseph Paul Eder, MD, from Yale University Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, explains the development of antibodies targeting the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor, programmed death 1 (PD-1) for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including clinical trials evaluating the integration of PD-1/PD-L1blocking antibodies with existing standard-of-care approaches.