At the 6th European Lung Cancer Conference (ELCC), held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1316 April 2016, Kenneth O’Byrne, MD, from Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, discusses optimizing the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and movement towards personalized approaches for the treatment of patients with oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-mutant patients.