The results of KEYNOTE-024 (NCT02142738) indicated that high PD-L1 expression predicted a benefit from pembrolizumab vs. chemotherapy. However, new data suggests that the picture is less clear than this. This new data and what messages can be taken from it are explained here by Fred Hirsch, MD, PhD, CEO of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), from the University of Colorado, Denver, CO. Dr Hirsch highlights results observed in low PD-L1 expression conditions from KEYNOTE-042 (NCT02220894), which investigated pembrolizumab monotherapy vs. chemo, as well as data from KEYNOTE-189 (NCT02578680) where PD-L1 expression was not used for selection. This video was recorded at the European Lung Cancer Congress (ELCC) 2018, held in Geneva, Switzerland.